Frasi giapponesi

particular language whose origin remains still mysterious. It seems much difficult one to learn it, but it is worth the pain inasmuch as it is already the second used language more in Web pages, after English (second a statistics of situated "the Search engines" www.motoridiricerca.it) under I would want Here to describe to some of its characteristics in a way much simple one. Context and particles The Japanese, connected a lot closely to the context, often reflects the human relationships of speaking. Therefore the most complicated system of ways is observed to even speak kind changing words. Then, in the conversations it must follow the subjective thoughts of speaking, perhaps more than made it objects to you. This is observed in the conversion of the answer to the negative question. One asks: "you do not want to eat", and if it is just therefore, then we would have to say of yes, because the intuito one of speaking is corrected. To reveal the distance of thoughts and feelings of speaking there are also various particles. As an example, in order to soften the tone giving a sure familiarità joins some "" and "yo" to the end of the phrase. But those most difficult ones to comprise for the aliens will be "wa" and "ga". The difference of particles "wa" and "ga" would have to be understood in relation to the context, not only in one single phrase. Before it represents simply the argument of which speaking wants to speak, even wanting to deepen it in the following speech. Therefore, a phrase begins them alone with "wa" can give the impression of a incompletezza, of a suspension, leaving space to other possibilities. And some time assumes a sense negative. Or we use in order to confront something listing it various phrases, therefore, changing every it turns the argument. Watashi wa Rome ni yukimasu. (I go to Rome.) Watashi ga Rome ni yukimasu. (I go to Rome.) Watashi wa kotoshi wa Rome ni wa yukimasenn. (I, this year, do not go to Rome.) The first example does not speak about other persons, but it expresses only the intention of speaking, and can give themselves that it continues to still say qualcos' other of if same. Otherwise it is making comparisons with other persons. Instead in the second phrase he comes said that he is just speaking to go to Rome, not others. Here other possibilities of interpretation are excluded. Then, "ga" less it is tied to the successive phrases. Therefore in a dictionary in which it must define words in synthetic way this particle is used mainly. "Wa" can occupy various positions in the phrase, not only endured after the subject. But if repeated, negative shading assumes one. The last one is translate: "This year I do not go to Rome." In Japanese the verbo is often found to the end of the phrase, is in positive shape that negative. But in this case, feeling to repeat "Wa", what can be intuire already agrees to say. Been attention not to consider these two particles simply like the verbo "to be" of the Italian! Educated expressions (Keigo) Three shapes exist in order to maintain one sure distance with the other persons: Formal (the Teineigo): it is used in conversations with disowned persons or to respect, often with the others two following shapes. It consists mainly in the end of phrase like: "... desu" and "... masu". And in questions "... desuka" and "... masuka". Therefore, the simple phrase "Pann or taberu" becomes "Pann or tabemasu." (It wants to say "to eat a bread". The Japanese verbos do not conjugate the grammaticale person second. It must see the context) Kind (the Sonnkeigo): when draft of some action of or the persons respecting, uses a particular verbo. As an example, in place of "taberu"(mangiare), verbo for whichever person, would have to be used "meshiagaru" for "She" or "You". In combination with the shape 1) it becomes "meshiagarimasu". The shape of modestia (Kennjougo): in order to describe some action of if same or the near persons in comparison of disowning or respecting, an other expression comes chosen. As an example, the verbo correspondent to "taberu" of this shape is "itadaku". With to 1) it is transformed in "itadakimasu". Names unnumbered and kind Not the article neither the kind of the names exist neither, and the common names do not express the number. Therefore, the word "kodomo" means in Italian a child, one child, of the children and the children. In order to clear the number, ways are several to count. The books, as an example, are available on the unit "Satsu". Instead the persons, "nin"; and the automobiles, "from i". But it pronounces it changes to times according to the number that precedes. As an example the cats, we count them: "ippiki" (one), "nihiki" (two), "sannbiki" (three).... To the contrary, the pronomi of the second person they change with to the way to speak, second the situation, the sex and the age of speaking and the listeners. Also they are the human relationships here that determine the language to use. Descriptions of sounds and movements Rich language of onomatopeiche expressions for the state of the things, the movements and the sounds is one. They work like an adverb for giving vivacità to storys. As an example, "korokoro" it describes rolling of something relatively small. In the phrase "Omusubi ga korokoro korogaru", Omusubi wants to say one or more littles ball than laughed, and korogaru, to roll. Therefore "Omusubi ga korogaru" comes translate "or more littles ball roll." But I do not know as it is said in Italian "korokoro". When piove strong, Ame is said "ga zaazaa furu", and meant its is in equal bottom to "Ame ga furu". "ame" it is the rain, "furu", "to fall" in this case. He is phonetically simple. In order to understand some he pronounces it will help us to introduce the concept of the battered one: a length homogenous in which they come pronounced one vocal or one more consonanti or combination vocal with one. The only exception is (nn), to use alone with the duration of one struck. It will be better to consider it as one vocal special. As an example, the English word "icecream", formed from two sillabe, becomes in Japanese "struck to-the-on-cu-rivers-the-mu" in seven! Been attention, but, to maintain the emission of the breath homogenous during it pronounces it. It changes only the famous one like in one music. The writing There are two arranges various: Ideogrammi Chinese and Kana. The first one, "Kannji", were adopted perhaps in the first century after Christ, when there was the dynasty of the Han that is called in Japan "Kann", and it is diffused with to the introduction of the continental culture. Initially the ideogrammi they were pronounced nearly as in China (pronounces "Onn"). But later Japanese words were overlapped in the reading of meant correspondent to the character (pronounce "Kunn"). Therefore a solo ideogramma can have various pronunce. As an example, KI (Kunn is pronounced once, the sound overlapped to the ideogrammi from the Japanese), and once MOKU (Onn, the sound similar to that one originates them). They have been calculates 1,945 to you Kannji of daily use according to the Ministry of public education (1981). In order to read newspapers, but, one says that it must more know some than three mila. Instead Kana, the phonetic alphabets, was created in the Heiann age, through the simplification of the ideogrammi. But a character does not exist who expresses only one consonante except the NN (). Today is two types of Kana: "Hiragana" and "Katakana". Kannji is used above all in order to write names, a part of adjectives and adverbs. Hiragana for particles and the rest. Katakana, finally, for foreign words. Siccome does not let a space between grammaticali elements, this rule serves to more easy comprise the written Japanese. The traditional direction of the writing is from the high one towards the bottom in vertical lines from right on the left. But it is possible to write also as in Italian: from left to right in horizontal lines. As punctuation Kutenn and Toutenn () like the point and the virgola are used. The brought back words come often put between the two signs in place of two virgolette. The times The passed outline of "- present - future" cannot be always applied, but in many cases the two following criteria are observed: already happened, NATO, appeared. not still happened, before being born or to appear. We see some example: The infinite verbo "taberu" uses also therefore every a lot, without auxiliary verbos, and wants to say "to eat" in time 2. But it remains like a separated concept, a generic speech (to), and when it assumes a more specific sense because of other words or of the context, it indicates a previewed action or an intention (b). The shape "tabeta" means that already 1 is completed (). In this case the expression has in himself a sure concretezza, because the action has been completed in a concrete moment from someone with concrete identity. Then, when we conjugate it in "tabete" aggiungendogli after "iru" ("iru" it is one of the little special verbos that an uninterrupted continuity represents, equivalent to the "present"), then "tabeteiru" means "to repeat the action to eat", therefore, "to eat". Approval therefore, present appearing of the verbos is in truth an integration of the time to point 1. Instead the exceptions they are, as an example, "iru" and "aru". Having to that to make directly with the existence, they are translate in Italian "it are to us", "to be" or "to exist". They are used alone in order to report of one present what, or with other verbos as we have seen. Arguments on the writing Around the Reform of Meigi (1867), arguments were opened live on the Japanese writing between intellectuals and entrepreneurs to us whom they wanted to diminish the weight of the study of the ideogrammi and to increase the efficiency of the jobs trained to you. They thought that the numerosity and the complicatezza of pronounce of the ideogrammi were a great obstacle for the modernization of the country. Yoshitarou Yamamoto (1871-1923), as an example, after various assignments of diplomatic and administrator of the enterprises, constructed in 1920 the society "Kanamogi Kyoukai" introducing the use of Kana and the horizontal writing from left towards right (like the Italian) with the abolition of the ideogrammi. And it made to produce to an American company a typewriter prototype, endowed of the keyboards of Kana. The birth of the keyboards Japanese with Kana must to its study. Of other part the opinion existed that the Japanese had itself to be written with Latin alphabets (Rome gi), transmitted in the 16, century from the portuguese missionaries. The society "Nihon not Romagi sya", constituted in 1909, develops to the idea proposing several transliteration systems. The most known they are "the Hepburn model" and "the Kunnrei model". The first one has been fixed in the 1885 from the society "Nihon Romagi kai" and it has diffused thanks to the giapponese/inglese dictionary of James Curtis Hepburn (1815-1911). The characteristic of the model is that it describes pronounces it originates being based them on the English consonanti and the vocal continentals. Instead, the second is comes from the Nippon model, proposed from the physicist Aikitsu Tanakadate (1856-1952), than it has been associated with the other "Nihon not Romagi sya". Then, the principles of this have been adopt to you from the fixed rules from the Japanese Government in 1937 and renewed in 1954, is called of usual "Kunnrei Method". Also the international standard, "Documentation -- Romanization of Japanese"(3602:1989) of ISO follows the Kunnrei. For who it knows already the language is simpler to apply this that reflects the grammaticale structure of the Japanese. All the characters of column "TA" come always transcribed in one combination with the T and one vocal (To, I, U, and, Or). Therefore WHO (for) in the Hepburn (in Italian pronounces itself as "us" of "city") comes written YOU in the Kunnrei, WAS (for) in the first one becomes HU in the second. We give importance to pronounces of the Latin characters or to the Japanese grammaticale coherence? However, for the lack of a complete method, the situation is remained confused till now, and between the offices publics the rules for the transcription are not even unified. In this situated one, the Japanese terms transliterate the following tables mainly second: Transcription of table I wa ra ya but it has * na ta it knows ka to rivers me hi ni us shi ki i ru yu mu it was nu tsu on ku u king me he * of you if ke and wo * ro yo mo I have not to I know ko or This table, "Goguuon", law from right on the left, from the high one towards the bottom. Every column and line are called with the letter begin them, therefore YOU it is found in column TA; and in the righa and. The character isolated on the left is the only one without vocal who pronounces N, but would write like NN in order to distinguish it from those of column NA. Therefore HANIWA () pronounces HA-NI-WA, instead of HA-N-I-WA. Then, HANNI () is pronounced like HA-NN-I. Then, we must be remembered that some characters (with the sign * in the table) change theirs pronounce in the particle role: IT HAS () becomes WA, and HE () loses its consonante becoming And Inoltre, WO () is always pronounced Or. On purpose of the sound, that one of the R does not exist in the modern Japanese, but of the linguistica experts they say that the consonante of the 9, column from right resembles more the R (perhaps English) that to the L. But, personally me it seems the much various strongly Italian R from pronounces originates them. Consonanti sonorous and semisonorous Transcription of table II pa ba they give za ga devout bi gi gi ghi pu bu zu zu gu pe be de ze ghe po bo I give zo go Consonanti composed Transcription of table III rya mya hya nya cya sya kya ryu myu hyu nyu cyu syu kyu ryo myo hyo nyo cyo syo kyo Transcription of table IV pya bya gya gya ghya pyu byu gyu gyu ghyu pyo pyo gyo gyo ghyo Sounds assimilate to you Character TSU and those of the small column To can be written respect the others. In this case he comes doubled the consonante that follows endured after. As an example, the word pronounces and writes RIPPA.